Legal High Drugs – MSc Study Hello to all members of the forum,
Are you Over 18? Do you use legal high drugs or have used legal high drugs in the past?
Would you like to share your experiences and views?
I am conducting a research into the use of legal high drugs and users’ views for my MSc dissertation.
I am looking for participants who have taken legal high drugs to talk about their experiences over MSN/Skype or other instant messaging medium, it is a one-to-one interview!
All the information, content will be kept confidential and anonymous!
The research ethics has been approved and is under the supervision of Dr Rachael Powell from Aston University, UK.
If you would like to read more details about this study, feel free to look at this following link:
Legal High Study
If you are interested in taking part, please email Bay Chan at chans4@aston.ac.uk
Cambridge – Recreational Cocaine Users Wanted for Research Study Recreational Cocaine Users Wanted for Research Study
Are you occasionally using cocaine?
Are you healthy?
Are you aged between 22-55years?
Are you able to spend 5½ hours on one day in Cambridge?
Researchers at the University of Cambridge are seeking volunteers who have been using cocaine from time to time to take part in a research study.
Participants will need to undergo a brain scan, give blood, fill out some questionnaires, and perform some computerised tests.
All information will be kept strictly confidential! Participants will be compensated for their time and inconvenience with £80, and receive a picture of their brain.
For more information please contact Mrs. Abigail Turton by phone: 01223 760665 or by email: ag583@cam.ac.uk 12
annoymous drugs survey We saw Howard Marks (at a festival on sunday) and he explained how promoting your work is important, so here goes...
I am Sapphire student studying a MSc in research Psychology at Southampton University. I am conducting a study and therefore seek participants for an important study of how lifestyle choices affect the mind. This will involve completing a short online survey.
The questions are regarding: health, alcohol, drug use, answer some questions about the way you see the world, complete a short memory test and arrange a cartoon style story (inspired by previous research). Personal information will never be seen by anyone other than researchers involved in this project. The results of this study will not include any identifying characteristics, as they will be reported in the form of group averages. Participants will not have to give their name or details of where they live. This research could help to see how drugs should be legally classified, how they affect your mind/health. Therefore participation could really aid scientific understanding. This is why I request your help...
:flowers:PLEASE GO TO: www.tinyurl.com/easeup
[ATTACH=CONFIG]80413[/ATTACH]
Journalist looking for a young woman who has taken ketamine Hello
I'm a freelance journalist writing a report about ketamine for a glossy women's magazine. I'm looking to interview a young woman (early 20s to late 30s) who has or does take ketamine. They'd need to be named and pictured and they would be paid for their time.
I can explain more to anyone who thinks they may fit the brief and would be happy to chat.
Any conversation would remain confidential unless you agreed to the interview.
Please get in touch to discuss.
Thank you.
Charlotte
Ecstasy does not wreck the mind
There is no evidence that ecstasy causes brain damage, according to one of the largest studies into the effects of the drug. Too many previous studies made over-arching conclusions from insufficient data, say the scientists responsible for the research, and the drug's dangers have been greatly exaggerated.
The finding will shock campaigners who have claimed ecstasy poses a real risk of triggering brain damage. They have argued that it can induce memory loss, decrease cognitive performance and has long-lasting effects on behaviour.
But experts who have argued that the drug is relatively safe welcomed the new paper. "I always assumed that, when properly designed studies were carried out, we would find ecstasy does not cause brain damage," said Professor David Nutt, who was fired as chair of the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs by Alan Johnson, then home secretary, for publicly stating alcohol and tobacco were more harmful than ecstasy.
The study was carried out by a team led by Professor John Halpern of Harvard Medical School and published in the journal Addiction last week. Funded by a $1.8m grant from the US National Institute on Drug Abuse, it was launched specifically to avoid methodological drawbacks that have bedevilled previous attempts to pinpoint whether or not ecstasy users suffer brain damage.
Ecstasy – or 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, or MDMA – came into widespread use in the 1980s when taking it was linked to raves and the playing of dance music. Its symptoms include euphoria, a sense of intimacy with others and diminished anxiety and depression. In the US alone, more than 12 million have taken it.
But the taking of ecstasy has also been linked to damage to the central nervous system and research in recent years has suggested that long-term changes to emotional states and behaviour have been triggered by consumption of the drug. Possession of it has been made an offence in most western nations.
However, Halpern was sharply critical of the quality of the research that had linked ecstasy to brain damage. "Too many studies have been carried out on small populations, while overarching conclusions have been drawn from them," he said. For a start, some previous research has studied users who were taken from a culture dominated by all-night dancing, which thus exposed these individuals to sleep and fluid deprivation – factors that are themselves known to produce long-lasting cognitive effects. Non-users were not selected from those from a similar background, which therefore skewed results. In addition, past studies have not taken sufficient account of the fact that ecstasy users take other drugs or alcohol that could affect cognition or that they may have suffered intellectual impairment before they started taking ecstasy. In Halpern's study only ecstasy users who took no other drugs and who had suffered no previous impairment were selected.
The resulting experiment whittled down 1,500 potential participants to 52 selected users, whose cognitive abilities matched those of a group of 59 non-users. "We even took hair samples of participants to test whether they were telling the truth about their drug and alcohol habits," said Halpern. "Essentially we compared one group of people who danced and raved and took ecstasy with a similar group of individuals who danced and raved but who did not take ecstasy. When we did that, we found that there was no difference in their cognitive abilities." In other words, previous studies highlighted problems triggered by other factors, such as use of other drugs or drink, or sleep deprivation.
But the drug still posed risks, he said. "Ecstasy consumption is dangerous because illegally made pills often contain contaminants that can have harmful side-effects."
Ecstasy does not wreck the mind, study claims | Society | The Observer12
GBL Use: Paid Interview! Link to news story on GBL:
Quote:
Politicians and medical experts joined the call for the substance to be made illegal after The Daily Telegraph disclosed the death of medical student Hester Stewart.
The Home Office has failed to ban GBL despite saying that it would be made illegal eight months ago after being advised to do so by the Government's drugs advisors.
Dr Sean Cummings, who runs a private GP clinic in Harley Street London which specialises in drugs patients and has come across many cases of GBL poisonings, revealed that around six people a year have died from it since it emerged in the past few years.
Available at just 50p a dose, it is similar to the notorious banned "date-rape" drug GHB, and converts into that substance in the stomach, which can be lethal in tiny doses when mixed with alcohol.
"It is a very dangerous drug," Dr Cummins said.
"On the clubbing scene I would say that GBL poisonings are a daily occurrence.
"There is also anecdotal evidence from a barman in one club in south London that said he had lost seven of his friends in one year."
Because GBL also has a use as an industrial solvent – in the plastics industry and as a nail polish remover – officials have been delayed in framing legislation, despite it being banned for personal use in America, Canada and Sweden.
20 may have died from taking party drug GBL, warns Harley Street doctor - Telegraph
I'm a writer working for a major womens weekly magazine and i'm looking for any women in the uk (age 18 -30) who might be willing to talk about their experience of using GBL, for a magazine feature.
We will pay you for your interview and identity issues can be discussed.
If you can help please PM and i will get back to you asap.
Many Thanks12
New online survey of Salvia Divinorum use [FONT="]Dr Harry Sumnall (LJMU, UK - me), Dr Jon Cole (University of Liverpool, UK), and Dr Fiona Measham (University of Lancaster, UK) have launched an exploratory study investigating Salvia Divinorum use. Please note that this study is only currently open to over 18s.
Despite Salvia Divinorum being legally controlled in several countries and discussions on legal status taking place elsewhere, there have been few investigations of its use. This research aims to find out about how people are using Salvia and to make a brief assessment of the types of effects they report. Survey results will be shared with health professionals, policy makers, members of the public, and other scientists at conferences and in scientific journals.
We have no agenda to pursue and are solely interested in collecting accurate data on use to better understand health , social, and harm reduction implications of use.
If you have used Salvia Divinorum at least once in the past then please consider taking part.
It should take, at most, 30 minutes to complete the survey, which should be done in one sitting.
Please go to Salvia Divinorum to begin
Data is submitted to a secure server. The introductory page fully explains the study aims and also offers advice and points to consider about the use of the internet to collect potentially sensitive data.
For further information please email h.sumnall[a]ljmu.ac.uk . You can see my current research profile at Staff details[/FONT]
Ketamine study – thank you! I want to thank everyone who uses this website, members and administrators, for alowing me to talk about my thesis on ketamine and semantic processing - I have now finished collecting data. I will submit my thesis at the end of June, and vivas are in September, and so it should all be wrapped up by the end of the year. Once that is done I will be able to let you the main findings, and people can communicate with me if they would like to know more.
So, a big thank you for all your support!
Justin Grayer
Trainee Clinical Psychologist
UCL
ECSTASY On The Brain – February 2003 Ecstasy On The Brain
Published by MAPINC - Monday 4 February, 2003
Copyright: MAPINC
Some say it will kill you or poison your brain, others that it's a safe enough high if you take precautions. Despite official campaigns highlighting ecstasy's dangers, the drug has never been more popular with clubbers. Are they recklessly risking brain damage or worse, or sensibly ignoring anti-drug propaganda. David Concar looks for the facts behind the hype
IN A SMALL clinic in Charleston, South Carolina, preparations are under way for a landmark medical experiment. As New Scientist went to press, the researchers were still waiting for final approval from an ethics panel. But if all goes to plan, a dozen or so traumatised victims of violent crime will soon be given a mind-altering substance in a bid to release them from their terrible fears.
The trial is funded by the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies, a maverick body founded by an enthusiast with a drugs policy PhD called Rick Doblin. And if it seems a little hippy-trippy, appearances are deceiving. Double-blinded and placebo-controlled, the trial is, on paper at least, as rigorous as anything a pharmaceuticals company might carry out. What's more, every detail has been approved by stern-faced government regulators at the US Food and Drug Administration.
Their colleagues over at the Drug Enforcement Agency are furious, and it's not hard to see why. The pill in question is ecstasy, otherwise known as MDMA. And in normal circumstances of course, government authorities do not see swallowing it as a remedy for the psychological effects of crime. They regard it as a crime itself, not to mention a threat to people's health. Especially in the US, where the drug's rising popularity has been rattling law enforcers.
Indeed, fearing a crack-style epidemic, the US government has in the past couple of years stiffened legal penalties and stepped up efforts to publicise the dangers. Dose for dose, ecstasy offences are now punished more harshly in the US than those involving heroin. Radio ads and posters in malls warn of memory loss. The hugely influential National Institute on Drug Abuse near Washington DC has even been distributing postcards picturing brain scans. The cards set a normal brain, looking bright and radiant, alongside a "brain after ecstasy" -- a lump with dark blotches that look like holes.
In other words, while bona fide doctors supported by one US government agency get ready to dole out E as a medicine, other agencies are doing their utmost to warn teenagers off the drug. It's all very confusing. And you'll find equally mixed messages elsewhere. Take Britain. Last year the government introduced a tough new law making it a crime for club owners to permit the use of ecstasy on their premises. This year it issued a booklet telling the same club owners to lay on chill-out rooms, treatment areas and plentiful supplies of water. If not a green light to ecstasy use, then surely a sign of greater tolerance... or maybe not. For in Britain, the law puts ecstasy on a par with heroin and crack cocaine. And while some senior British police officers think that's wrong, the government insists it will not be downgrading a substance that the evidence to date shows is so dangerous.
But just how dangerous is it? In recent years the US government has spent tens of millions of dollars, way more than anyone else, trying to pinpoint the harm. And according to its most senior scientific officials there's no longer any doubt: even if it doesn't kill you, ecstasy is a recipe for lasting, possibly permanent, damage to the serotonin neurons in the brain that are involved in everything from memory and mood to sleep, sex and appetite. In a hearing before the Senate last July, NIDA's then director Alan Leshner stated: "There is across-the-board agreement that brain damage does occur." Research, he added, has "unequivocally shown that MDMA literally damages brain cells".
New Scientist went behind the scenes to talk to a wide range of researchers. We found that no such agreement exists. Nobody claims ecstasy is benign. It isn't, and never could be-no drug is. Yet few of the experts we contacted believe that research has yet proved ecstasy causes lasting damage to human brain cells or memory. Far from it, according to some, the highest-profile evidence to date simply cannot be trusted.
Blotchy brain scans of ecstasy users have become the ace card in public information campaigns. In the US, they also strongly influenced the move to tougher sentences. Yet impartial experts told us that the scans, though published in a respected journal, are based on experiments so fundamentally flawed they risk undermining the credibility of attempts to educate people about the risks of drugs. "The brain scans do not prove ecstasy damages serotonergic neurons," said one researcher, who asked for anonymity. "Whether to use the evidence is therefore a matter of politics rather than science."
Our enquiry doesn't prove ecstasy is harmless to brain cells. But it does raise questions key to the future of drugs policies the world over. When the evidence about the safety of an illicit drug is complex and disputed, who gets to decide which findings are sound enough to influence policy? How active should government policy makers be in screening out unreliable findings? And how open should they be about scientific dissent?
Some things about ecstasy are reasonably certain. Like many legal drugs, it affects the way brain cells handle the neurotransmitter serotonin. The cells in question are rooted near the brain's base but have long nerve fibres that fan out into higher regions. Here the fibres meet and communicate with other nerve cells, "messaging" them by squirting serotonin into the tiny joints, or synapses, that connect all nerve cells in the brain.
MDMA turns these squirts into surges. It makes cells shoot virtually their entire load of serotonin and reabsorb it unusually slowly. And the drug does this by latching onto certain proteins dotting the surfaces of the nerve cells, called serotonin transporters. The normal job of these proteins is to absorb serotonin back into cells. MDMA makes the proteins work in reverse and pump the stuff out. It's not all the drug does to brain chemistry, but most scientists think it's the key to E's loved-up sensations.
And the key, too, to the drug's less desirable effects. Some short-term problems are no longer in serious dispute. In recent years it's become clear that ecstasy can make it dangerously difficult for some people to pass water, and help to bring on sudden and sometimes fatal heatstroke, especially in hot dance clubs ( see "Life and death on the dance floor", p 31 ). Most experts also agree that by temporarily depleting the brain of serotonin, MDMA can leave users vulnerable to the mid-week blues. Yet neither of these risks, say experts, has created a serious public health problem. The mood swings are comparatively mild, and, despite the drug's massive popularity, ecstasy deaths remain extremely rare: downhill skiing kills more people. Even Britain's leading ecstasy expert, John Henry of St Mary's Hospital Medical School in London, thinks the risk of sudden death has been "overemphasised".
What most worries scientists like Henry is the possibility that hundreds of thousands of ecstasy users could be storing up mental health problems for the future. Are they? George Ricaurte and Una McCann, a husband-and-wife team at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, have led the way in trying to pinpoint the drug's longterm impact on the brain. And after nearly 15 years of research, they are convinced the drug can damage serotonin synapses and nerve fibres. Indeed, they say, really persistent users even risk succumbing to "pruning", in which the longer, thicker serotonin nerve fibres in the brain wither and are replaced by a denser growth of spidery, shorter ones. In short, swallow E week in week out and the fine structure of your brain may never be the same again.
Hardly a basis for pressing for lower legal penalties. But how good is the evidence? For years it came exclusively from animal experiments. Typically, researchers give rats or monkeys high doses of ecstasy, leave them a few weeks, months or even years, and slice open their brains. It's not easy to scrutinise entire nerve fibres and synapses directly, but scientists can take a snapshot of the serotonin transporters dotted around the brain to see if any are missing or out of place. Many studies have found such changes, but some haven't, and the experiments continue to this day. So does the debate about what they really mean ( see "Brain drain?" ).
In 1998, however, the case against ecstasy took a dramatic new turn. Ricaurle's team published a paper in The Lancet reporting what looked to be lasting brain damage in people who use ecstasy. This time the evidence was from a PET brain scanning study and seemed clear-cut. Where scans of control subjects were alive with colour, those of ecstasy users looked dull and dark. Ecstasy "injures brain for life", declared one of many startling newspaper headlines.
The study involved injecting 14 people who'd used ecstasy on average more than 100 times with chemical probes designed to stick to the serotonin transporter proteins that ecstasy targets. Wherever the probes end up they give off a detectable but safe radioactive glow. If ecstasy destroys serotonin synapses and fibres, the reasoning went, there ought to be fewer transporters for the probe to find in these damaged brains, and they ought to glow less. Sure enough, the brains of the ecstasy users did on average glow less than those of control subjects.
At the time, not every expert was convinced this deficiency was evidence of longterm damage by ecstasy. The drug users used lots of substances and the researchers reported no urine or saliva tests to prove they were drug-free at the time of the scan. Some critics even suggested the subjects could have been naturally deficient in serotonin synapses. But as it was impossible to prove these alternative explanations, the bleaker view of the brain scans took hold.
Soon the scans were at the centre of the US government's campaign on the dangers of club drugs and featuring in TV documentaries. The scans also featured prominently in the official report by the US Sentencing Commission that last year led to longer prison sentences for ecstasy offences. The brains scans, it claimed, showed "that users had a significantly reduced number of serotonin transporters throughout the brain".
And soon too other brain-imaging teams were attempting to build on the 1998 finding. A year later, researchers from the Royal Edinburgh Hospital in Scotland also published a paper claiming that regular ecstasy users have fewer serotonin transporters in the brain-further evidence, they concluded, of the drug's "neurotoxicity".
More recently, a team led by Liesbeth Reneman and Gerard den Heeten of the Academic Medical Centre in Amsterdam wanted to find out if heavier users of ecstasy lose more serotonin synapses than lighter users. To this end, they scanned the brains of four groups: moderate users of ecstasy who claimed to have taken no more than SO tablets in their lifetime; heavy users who claimed to have taken hundreds; heavy users who claimed to have abstained for at least a year; and a control group. "Our results," the team concluded in a paper published last year in The Lancet, "indicate that women could be more susceptible than men to the neurotoxic effects of MDMA".
It was another worrying finding that on the face of it seemed to back up the crucial 1998 study. Except that on close inspection, there were discrepancies and contradictions. This time, the male ecstasy brains in the study lit up just as much as the control brains, and it was only after analysing the female brains separately from the male brains that the researchers found anything different about some of the women. The brains of the heavy female users, it turned out, did light up less than those of the moderate female users and female controls. Yet even these "damaged" female brains performed no worse than the brains of the supposedly healthy male non-users.
It's a confusing picture, so New Scientist asked some leading independent scientists to look at the evidence afresh. What we learned was that the probes used in the scanning studies have serious deficiencies and that despite the poster depiction of "your brain on ecstasy", there never was-and never has been -- a typical scan showing the typical brain of a long-term ecstasy user.
"There are no holes in the brains of ecstasy users," says Stephen Kish, a neuropathologist at the Center for Addiction and Health in Toronto. "And if anyone wants a straightforward answer to whether ecstasy causes any brain damage, it's impossible to get one from these papers." Marc Laruelle, a Columbia University expert on brain scanning probes, agrees: "All the papers have very significant scientific limitations that make me uneasy."
According to both experts, the key flaw in the 1998 study is the sheer variability of the measurements. Some control brains performed up to 40 times better than others, and even some of the ecstasy brains outshone control brains by factors of 10 or more -- a level of scatter that both experts say is unprecedented in this type of study. According to Kish, the huge variations seen even in the healthy controls are a sure sign that the probe failed to give precise and reliable measurements. It's taken years for the problem to surface, says Kish, because the full range of the scatter is obscured in the original paper by the unusual way the researchers analysed their findings, converting the raw brain scan measurements into logarithms before plotting them out.
So why the unreliability? Laruelle says the probes used in all the ecstasy brain scan studies don't always stick just to serotonin transporters and should therefore only be used in certain brain areas. In recent years, his team has established that only the midbrain, thalamus and striatum have enough serotonin transporters to give reliable readings. None of the ecstasy studies focused exclusively on these structures. The Edinburgh team looked only at the cerebral cortex.
Ricaurte rejects the criticism. "Variability in the data would lessen our ability to detect differences between groups and, potentially, lea to an underestimation of differences between MDMA users and controls," he told New Scientist. "The fact that significant differences were found speaks for itself."
When it comes down to it, what brains look like in a scanner shouldn't matter as much as whether ecstasy has any noticeable long-term effect on the way people think, feel and act. So does it? There's certainly been a rash of papers in psychology journals suggesting ecstasy users have poorer memories and mental reflexes than nonusers. And some of the conclusions make disturbing reading. In one typical study, ecstasy users "showed significantly poorer verbal fluency and immediate and delayed recall". In another, they were "worse on a sustained attention task requiring arithmetic calculations, a task requiring short-term memory and a task of semantic recognition and verbal reasoning". Last year one British team even equated such symptoms with those seen early on in Alzheimer's disease.
Yet take a closer look and, as with the brain scans, the evidence is not as clear-cut as it sounds. For a start, in the majority of tests of mental agility, ecstasy users perform just as well as non-users. Their reaction times, visual memories and ability to concentrate all come out looking normalsometimes better than normal.
In one study, psychologist Andrew Parrott of the University of East London and his team found ecstasy users outperforming non-users in tests requiring them to rotate complex shapes in their mind's eye. Ecstasy users also had the edge on non-users when it came to searching a series of virtual rooms on a computer screen to find a small red toy car. Afterwards, says Parrott, the ecstasy users were better at answering questions about the shapes of the rooms and the positions of their doors.
Where ecstasy users do seem to perform worse is in learning new verbal information. In tests where people are given lists of words and then asked to recall them later, a group of non-users might score an average of, say, 10 out of 15, while a group of ecstasy users of the same age and social background might get 8. According to Parrott, who published the first finding of this type in 1998, ecstasy users are also slower on average to improve when the test is repeated. But their performance still lies well within the spectrum of what counts as normal.
In other words, whatever ecstasy's cognitive effects may be, they are subtle. So subtle that some experts think it's jumping the gun to blame ecstasy when most users of the drug take many other substances. A team at Imperial College Medical School in London recently tested three different groups for recall, word fluency and speed of thought. One used no drugs, another just cannabis, and the third both ecstasy and cannabis. On average, the "no drugs" group performed the best. But the "just cannabis" people scored no better than those who used ecstasy and cannabis. So is cannabisa drug people often smoke to "come down" from an ecstasy high-the real problem?
Or are scientists worrying about a cognitive impairment that just isn't there? It's an open secret that some teams have failed to find deficits in ecstasy users and had trouble publishing the findings. "The journals are very conservative," says Parrott. "It's a source of bias." Parrott himself has had two papers of this sort turned down.
But is any of this a reason to dilute the ecstasy health warnings ? Surely if there are any suspicions at all, governments and scientists should make the strongest possible statements about risk. Perhaps. But some in the field feel this approach carries a risk of its own. If people think the health warnings are exaggerated or at odds with their own experience of the drug, the authorities risk losing credibility, and with it their chance to educate anyone about drugs.
Kish says many of the ecstasy users he interacts with already consider the brain scans to be "simply unbelievable". Harry Sumnall, who studies ecstasy users at the University of Liverpool, fears that by prematurely highlighting the drug as especially dangerous, psychologists and the media risk giving out the false message that "as long as you stay away from E, you'll be fine".
The situation isn't helped by the impression that double standards are at work, with one set of rules for prescription drugs and much stricter rules for drugs used illicitly.
While scores of studies have looked for evidence of biochemical changes in the brains of animals and people exposed to ecstasy, only a handful have looked for anything similar in brains exposed to antidepressants and other prescribed agents that act on the serotonin transporter. And when scientists do scrutinise such drugs, officials don't jump so readily to alarming conclusions.
In the 1980s, for instance, Ricaurte's team began publishing papers suggesting a diet pill, taken daily by millions, called fenfluramine could damage brain cells. The evidence was strikingly similar to that seen in animals given ecstasy. But while ecstasy's "neurotoxicity" triggered government action, fenfluramine's was brushed aside.
Of course, many people feel more comfortable about prescribed medicines carrying risks, because they provide benefits too. That's why Rick Doblin's efforts to turn MDMA into a prescription pill could be so crucial to reversing the drug's demonisation. Anecdotal evidence already suggests ecstasy could ease the pain and fears of patients with cancer or post-traumatic stress disorder, and perhaps even help Parkinson's sufferers. But Doblin knows only evidence from the most rigorous of rigorous trials will do. There's no evidence, he says, that the low doses the patients will be getting could damage serotonin nerve fibres. Yet nor will the pills be instant miracle cures: each patient in the Charleston trial will have 16 hours of psychiatric counselling as well.
And the hundreds of thousands of recreational users? Nobody can yet put their hands on their heart and say that none of them will ever have serious mental health problems, especially the heavy users, but this drug is not new, says Doblin. "I first tried it in 1982, and many of the early users are now in their 50s and 60s. We are not flooding into treatment centres."
SIDEBAR 1
Brain Drain?
Does MDMA harm brain cells? High doses of the drug can certainly cause subtle longlasting biochemical changes in the brains of lab animals, especially when injected. But should these be interpreted as evidence of damage? And are they likely in people popping "human doses" of the drug? The jury is still out.
To date, George Ricaurte and his team at Johns Hopkins University in Maryland have carried out the most influential research. In the early 1990s, they began a long-term experiment with squirrel monkeys. Twice a day for four days, they gave one group of monkeys ecstasy, another salt water. So that their brains could be examined, the animals were then killed in batches at varying time intervals.
After two weeks, the ecstasy monkeys had less serotonin in their brain fluids compared with the control monkeys, and fewer of the serotonin transporter proteins that are the main targets of ecstasy in the brain. Ecstasy, the team concluded, had "pruned" these monkeys' serotonin synapses and nerve fibres. After 18 months, the ecstasy monkeys still had fewer serotonin transporters, except that there was now evidence of new serotonin nerve fibres growing up from the base of the brain. After seven years, the new fibres were still there but had grown only as far as the midbrain, leaving them short of their usual summit in the cortex.
Perhaps even more worrying for clubbers is evidence suggesting that MDMA's impact on serotonin transporters increases as animals get hotter. But not everyone thinks losing these transporters is a sign of nerve damage: the nerve fibres themselves may remain intact. One such dissident is James O'Callaghan, a neurotoxicologist at the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. O'Callaghan has long maintained that MDMA does not provoke the crucial inflammatory response expected from a chemical that injures nerve cells-the build up of star-shaped cells known as glia.
And some animal studies have failed to find any lasting biochemical changes. A team at the US National Center for Toxicological Research in Arkansas gave a range of ecstasy doses to rhesus monkeys but found no significant effects nearly two years later. What's more, few studies to date have reported long-lasting behavioural problems in animals exposed to ecstasy.
Weeks after the Arkansas team administered high doses of the drug, their animals performed just as well as control animals in tests of short-term memory and motivation. A team at the Scripps Research Institute in La Jolla, California, trained monkeys to carry out tests of memory, reaction time and coordination and then gave them high doses. Afterwards the animals performed the tests just as well as before.
SIDEBAR 2
Life And Death On The Dance Floor
When British student Lorna Spinks died after taking ecstasy, her grieving parents decided to publish a picture taken minutes after her death. They hoped Lorna's swollen, bleeding face would make others think twice before taking ecstasy.
It didn't. Nearly two years and a couple of dozen ecstasy-related deaths later, British youngsters are still thought to be popping anything between half a million and 2 million tablets every weekend. The inescapable truth seems to be that taking ecstasy is fun, and that, despite the tabloid horror stories, clubbers think the chances of dying are vanishingly remote and can be reduced by taking sensible precautions. But just how true is this?
In the mid-1990s, when there were thought to be around 420,000 ecstasy users in England, the drug was listed on the death certificates of an average of nine young people a year. So the chance of a typical ecstasy user dying at some point in the year after taking the drug was about I in 50,000, or about five times less likely than dying in a traffic accident. Ecstasy can come out of such calculations looking riskier than traffic, but only if it's assumed that all the recorded ecstasy deaths in any one year involved people experimenting with the drug for the first time -- A possible but extremely unlikely scenario.
The annual figure for ecstasy-related deaths in Britain has crept up. The latest, for the year 2000, is 27, the highest so far. But the fact is glue sniffing and over-the-counter painkillers still kill more people, while cocaine is responsible for double that number and heroin 20 times as many. And of the 27 British deaths, 19 victims had other drugs in their system, raising questions about which substance really killed them.
Clearly, though, ecstasy cannot be completely absolved. Why do a tiny number of people who swallow the pills die? Genetic make-up is a likely part of the answer. Lorna Spinks had taken ecstasy many times. The night she died she took two pills that were just a little stronger than she was used to and couldn't handle it. She suffered a poorly understood and unpredictable reaction called serotonin syndrome that plunged her body into a shivering state of rigidity and hyperthermia, leading to organ failure and internal bleeding.
Fortunately, such marked reactions to MDMA are incredibly rare. Contrary to popular belief, MDMA is incapable of directly triggering heatstroke in all but a handful of unusually sensitive people. In the vast majority of cases the direct cause of the hyperthermia is in fact the dance floor. The drug makes users fail to notice they are overheating and dehydrating, so they carry on dancing when they should be cooling off, says John Henry, a toxicologist and MDMA expert at St Mary's Hospital in London. "This explains why one tab can kill." And why studies on volunteers taking MDMA in a calm setting fail to find any evidence of heatstroke.
Another of ecstasy's side effects is to impair the body's ability to handle water. In experiments on volunteers, Henry has discovered that MDMA makes the brain's hypothalamus secrete a substance known as antidiuretic hormone, which stops the kidneys producing urine and makes it hard for MDMA users to pass water even if they are drinking pints of it. If they do drink excessively, disaster can ensue. In rare cases, the blood thins and the brain swells, creating a pressure that in extreme cases pushes the brainstem down the spine where it can no longer support breathing.
The condition is called hyponatraemia and is what killed Leah Betts, a young British ecstasy victim, in 1995. Unlike the highly unpredictable serotonin syndrome reaction that killed Lorna Spinks, however, it is easy enough to avoid. Experts reckon ecstasy users can protect themselves by drinking no more than half a litre of water per hour if they are dancing and sweating it off, and nothing at all if they are not. What's more, although the details are unclear, it seems young women should take extra care since their sensitivity to antidiuretic hormone could vary over the course of the menstrual cycle.
Research is now under way to discover the underlying factors that make different people react to ecstasy in different ways. The way the body metabolises the drug is likely to be crucial. For example, the liver enzyme CYP2D6 that helps break MDMA down is inactive in up to 1 in 10 people of European descent, which could make them especially sensitive to some of the drug's effects.
Confusingly, it might also protect them from others. The complication is that some of MDMAs effects are caused not by the drug but by its breakdown products. Henry's team has preliminary evidence from rats to suggest that one of these, called HMMA, is better than MDMA at provoking the brain to release antidiuretic hormone. If confirmed, it could mean that people who break down MDMA rapidly are more at risk of hyponatraemia. Claire Ainsworth
SIDEBAR 3
The Wrong Stuff
You want a good night out, the people running the rave or nightclub don't want you swallowing anything really nasty. So here's the deal. You provide a crumb or two of your ecstasy pills for the checkers to inspect and test. They tell you what they think the pills contain and what the risks of swallowing them might be.
Depending who you talk to, it's either a pragmatic way to curb the harm ecstasy tablets can do or a dubious step toward quality control for illicit drugs that can only create more users. France, Germany, Austria and Spain all unofficially allow drug screening in certain clubs. Even in tough-on-drugs America it happens at certain raves. But the British government says the tests are imprecise, unnecessary and likely to create a false sense of security amongst users. Who's right?
Stories about dangerously contaminated ecstasy pills are certainly exaggerated. Unlike drugs sold in powdered form, such as speed or heroin, it is hard for dealers to "cut" ecstasy tablets with toxic adulterants such as bleach. The problem is that what is sold as ecstasy is often not MDMA at all. Synthesising MDMA can be tricky, especially as the chemicals required are controlled by governments. So some suppliers fake ecstasy by mixing concoctions of other ingredients, some of them a lot more toxic than MDMA.
The most notorious is PMA, or paramethoxyamphetamine. Small doses produce mild hallucinations and euphoria, but take more and it leads to vomiting and hyperthermia. Worse, as the euphoria is milder and slower to appear than with MDMA, some unwitting users take extra pills to get a better high. At least nine deaths in the US and three in Europe have been blamed on PMA.
A foolproof argument for allowing chemical testing in all nightclubs? Not quite. The commonest method, called the "Marquis test", involves scraping some of the pill into a colourless reagent containing sulphuric acid and formaldehyde. MDMA turns the reagent violet/purple and then slowly blue/black. The problem is that some ingredients in fake ecstasy pills trigger the same colour changes. Others, such as PMA, cause no colour change at all, so tablets made of these will pass the test provided they contain a trace of MDMA.
In clubs in Bern and Vienna, experts are now trialling a more accurate technique known as high-performance liquid chromatography. But the machines cost some ?35,000 apiece.
The Netherlands has taken a different tack. While stopping ad hoc chemical testing in nightclubs, it runs an official pill testing service at 23 drug prevention and treatment centres. Dutch ecstasy users can take their pills to any of the centres, where trained employees note down the pills' colour, dimensions and logo, and run a Marquis test. They then log on to a database that holds details of all the pills tested more rigorously by an independent lab service in the previous six weeks. If the pill doesn't match any of the known profiles, it can be sent off for rigorous testing and added to the database. Any evidence about potentially dangerous pills is available to clubbers within days.
According to a 1997 survey of Dutch ecstasy users, pill testing neither encourages nor discourages use. But Raymond Niesink, who coordinates the Dutch scheme, believes it has saved lives. "There are no PMA victims in the Netherlands," he says, unlike in Belgium.
In the US, voluntary organisations such as DanceSafe continue to check pills at raves and send samples for analysis. But they operate in a grey area of the law. In Britain, nobody is systematically analysing any of the ecstasy that's out on the street.
http://www.mapinc.org/drugnews/v02/n763/a07.html
Can illegal drugs help depression? interesting article
Quote:
From The Times
August 23, 2008
Can illegal drugs help depression?
Ketamine for depression and LSD for improving brain power; meet the lady who funds the science that no-one else will do, Amanda Feilding is on a mission to unlock the secrets of the mind
Arran Frood
Many people will enjoy some yoga or meditation this weekend. Both practices have proven health benefits, but for some people knowing that it works is never enough. They have to know why it works - what is really happening in the brain - and they will stop at nothing to find out, even if it means initiating and funding the research themselves.
Amanda Feilding is one of those people. Last week she started an investigation that will examine the changes in blood flow during meditation, and how this prompts states of relaxation.
But this is just one of Feilding's curiosities. Also known as Lady Neidpath, Feilding is not a scientist, but spends a six-figure sum of her own money each year to explore the inner workings of our mind: how we think; where creativity comes from; and how we can harness this knowledge. Through her charitable trust, the Beckley Foundation, she instigated the first scientific trial in 35 years to use LSD on human subjects. Based in Beckley Park, the Oxfordshire estate where Feilding has spent all her life, the foundation's remit is to push for drug policy reform and fund research that will delve into the altered states of consciousness induced by meditation, deep breathing and powerful psychoactive drugs such as LSD. Even trepanning, the ancient practice of drilling a hole in the skull, is a line of modern inquiry as a treatment for Alzheimer's. It is research that - in the UK at least - no one else appears willing to back.
“We are on the verge of making real breakthroughs,” she says.
Why would an English Lady want to spend her money on high-risk projects with poor-to-zero financial returns? Feilding's fascination with consciousness started at an early age. Interested in spirituality through her Roman Catholic upbringing, she was sent aged 16 to India to visit her godfather, a Buddhist monk. She went on to study mysticism and comparative religion at Oxford University and dabbled with drugs throughout the Sixties. But her interest in the medical applications of such substances sprung from a friendship with Albert Hofmann, the Swiss scientist who invented LSD, and who pushed for the medical benefits of the drug to be investigated. Hofmann died this year aged 102, shortly before the foundation published his last book, Hofmann's Elixir: LSD and the New Eleusis, a collection of his essays and lectures.
Feilding realised that there was no research at UK universities into hallucinogens, so she started her own. “The best way to go was to set up a foundation, get an impressive board of top scientists to see if we can get some research going,” she says. “We are very tunnel-visioned in our view of consciousness. We tend to direct our vision to technical advances, like things that have got us to the Moon,” she says. It would be easy to label her as merely a well-heeled old hippy, but for some years she has been networking with scientists, ministers, drug czars, and other academic intelligentsia. Her board of advisers includes top international names, such as Colin Blakemore, former head of the UK Medical Research Council, and Mike Trace, her co-director of the Beckley Policy Programme, who worked at the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime until 2003.
She rates one of her most rewarding achievements as kickstarting a paper that reassessed the relative harms of legal drugs alongside prohibited substances. The paper, published in The Lancet, grew out of Beckley Foundation seminars in 2003 and 2004. It caused a stir: of the 20 drugs, alcohol was the fifth most dangerous, ketamin sixth, and MDMA (Ecstasy) the third least dangerous. Heroin and cocaine were ranked first and second most dangerous.
Research is beginning to bear fruit
Although active for more than five years, the Beckley Foundation is only now showing signs of success. Last year it scored a serious hit: the first permission to use LSD with human subjects in a scientific context in 35 years. The study - at a secret institution in the US - is investigating the effects of LSD on the brain chemistry underpinning consciousness and how it might modulate the creative process. “The study of consciousness is so central to our happiness, survival and creativity, it's a mistake not to explore scientifically the potential benefits this compound might yield,” says Feilding.
Another Beckley-funded study to monitor blood flow in the brain using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in people under the influence of LSD is also poised to begin in Europe. Micro-doses of LSD might increase blood flow in some parts of the brain, as has been noted in its chemical cousin psilocybin (the active ingredient in magic mushrooms).
Tracking the changes as participants undergo cognitive tests could reveal how the brain completes complex tasks, hopefully providing insights into how we can boost brain power.
“To deny science a valuable tool like psychedelics is just myopic. It's ignoring a good possibility to learn more about the brain, our master tool, and how these substances can be used as an aid in psychotherapy.”
Cannabis will also come under the microscope. Dave Nutt, a neuropharmacologist at the University of Bristol, will use brain-imaging techniques to measure the biological basis of the marijuana “high”. No one understands why some users find cannabis appealing, and in some it provokes the opposite reaction: anxiety. Because cannabis has potential as a medicine for conditions such as multiple sclerosis, but is not well tolerated by many people, clinicians want to find out why such reactions occur. The brain scanner experiments may reveal whether different parts of the brain are activated.
Another study at the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, will compare the effects of two of the principal components of cannabis, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). The ratio between the two chemicals in the cannabis plant is thought to affect whether users experience a pleasurable high or the cosmic heebie-jeebies. This is a first in the UK - previous research has been limited only to the direct medical applications.
“We need to overcome taboos”
Research using psychedelic drugs has a chequered history around the world. Many studies conducted in the Fifties and Sixties that reported benefits were not properly controlled and lacked adequate follow-ups. Feilding knows this, but points out that methodology and technology have improved, particularly in areas such as brain-imaging techniques.
“In a scientific age we need to give scientific explanations to overcome taboos,” she says. She will also be working with University College London on a study into the antidepressant effect of ketamine, a medical anaesthetic growing in popularity at clubs and parties.
Scientific philanthropy is not common in the UK. But Robin Murray from the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, says that private funding is certainly welcome for studies that governments shun. And although Professor Murray doubts that hallucinogens will have direct therapeutic benefits, he says that understanding their neurochemical effects will help us better to understand mental illness. “Derivatives and drugs based on changing their molecules may well have benefits.”
And in one of the most controversial studies, Feilding is collaborating with a Russian neurophysiologist, Yuri Moskalenko, in studies into cerebral circulation and age-related decline in cognition. Incredibly, measures to counteract progressive senility could include trepanation: drilling a small hole into the skull, an operation that has been performed for perhaps thousands of years. The theory goes that releasing the pressure in the cranium by trepanation can increase cerebral circulation and prevent age-related cognitive decline.
Harriet Millward, the deputy chief executive of the Alzheimer's Research Trust, says there is no conclusive medical evidence that trepanning improves brain function. However, the procedure has been understudied so far and until further research has been undertaken the possibility of beneficial effects remains open.
Feilding stresses that her work is not designed to promote drug use; she is aware of the destructive effect they can have on people's lives. She is interested simply in investigating the medical benefits of such substances, in a controlled and safe environment.
“What motivates me is that I feel it's an area where one can contribute a real benefit to humanity,” she says.
HISTORY OF DRUGS
3,000BC Cannabis is cultivated in China and Asia. Evidence of cannabis smoking in Eastern Europe
1800s Laudanum, a cordial containing opium, becomes hugely popular. Coleridge and Keats are fans
1874 A British scientist isolates heroin from morphine
1880 Doctors start to use cocaine as an anaesthetic in surgery
1903 Cocaine is substituted with caffeine in Coca-Cola
1912 MDMA, later known as Ecstasy, is synthesised by pharmaceutical company Merck
1916 Harrods withdraws gift packs for soldiers at the front that contain cocaine and morphine
1955 UK bans heroin import, export and manufacture
1952 The world's first therapeutic LSD clinic opened in Worcestershire
21st century Scientists study drugs such as marijuana and LSD as potential treatments for a range of ailments
Ketamine study at UCL hi
i'm a researcher at university college london, and we are currently undertaking a study looking at recreational ketamine use, and its psychological effects. i have been given permission by the administrator of this forum to post messages to see if any one would like to take part in the study – a lot of people have already come forward to help, so thankyou! at the moment we are specifically looking to recruit people who take K daily – if that’s you or someone you know, then get in touch via this website or on the email below.
the study involves an interview and some cognitive tests and takes about 2 hours. testing takes place at ucl (near goodge st tube), and i can meet with you pretty much anytime - weekdays and evenings, and weekends. you will be paid £15 for your time. the study has been approved by the UCL Research Ethics Board, and all information collected about you is held in accordance with the 1998 Data Protection act, i.e. your confidentiality will be assured. also, i think it is important to say that it is not being funded by any pharmaceutical / drug companies.
if this sounds like something you'd be interested in taking part in, let me know and i can pass on more information. you can contact me on this site or at:
ucjtsud@ucl.ac.uk
thanks for taking the time to read this - look forward to hearing from you
suzanna12
Ketamine study at UCL hi
i'm a researcher at university college london, and we are currently undertaking a study looking at recreational ketamine use, and its psychological effects. i have been given permission by the administrator of this forum to post messages to see if any one would like to take part in the study – a lot of people have already come forward to help, so thankyou! at the moment we are specifically looking to recruit people who take K daily – if that’s you or someone you know, then get in touch via this website or on the email below.
the study involves an interview and some cognitive tests and takes about 2 hours. testing takes place at ucl (near goodge st tube), and i can meet with you pretty much anytime - weekdays and evenings, and weekends. you will be paid £15 for your time. the study has been approved by the UCL Research Ethics Board, and all information collected about you is held in accordance with the 1998 Data Protection act, i.e. your confidentiality will be assured. also, i think it is important to say that it is not being funded by any pharmaceutical / drug companies.
if this sounds like something you'd be interested in taking part in, let me know and i can pass on more information. you can contact me on this site or at:
ucjtsud@ucl.ac.uk
thanks for taking the time to read this - look forward to hearing from you
suzanna12
UCL ketamine study results Hi Everyone,
I just wanted to let you know that I have recently had my viva, which I passed. So I wanted to thank you all, again(!), for supporting my study into the effects of chronic ketamine use on semantic memory (which is like general knowledge) and subjective experiences.
Below is a copy of the abstract, which I hope will make sense to some of you. Please feel free to ask questions.
In a few days time I’m off on a long holiday to Thailand, which means that I won’t be checking these websites/email, so please don’t be offended if you contact me and I don’t respond for a while.
Once again, thank you, and best wishes,
Justin
Abstract
Background: There has been an increase in the prevalence of recreational ketamine use over the past five years. Due to ketamine’s cognitive and psychotomimetic effects it is being investigated as a pharmacological model for psychosis.
Problem under investigation: To investigate the long-term effects of chronic recreational ketamine use on indirect and direct semantic priming, general semantic processing and subjective experiences.
Participants: Forty-six participants, aged 18 to 46 years, completed the study, 24 male and 22 female.
Design: An independent groups design was used to compare three groups: 16 ketamine users (people who use ketamine and other recreational drugs), 14 poly-drug users (people who use recreational drugs, but not ketamine) and 16 non-drug users (people who have not and do not use illicit drugs). Participants completed computer tasks which assessed semantic memory and pen and paper questionnaires that assessed subjective experiences.
Results: The ketamine group scored higher than the non-drug group on a measure of schizotypy. Semantic processing was found to be similar across the groups, although the ketamine group had significantly longer reaction times to high frequency words than to low frequency words on the direct semantic priming task, whereas the two control groups showed no significant differences.
Conclusions: The ketamine group were impaired relative to the other two groups in their processing of high frequency words compared to low frequency words, and were higher in schizotypy than non-drug users. However, the absence of indirect priming effects across the three groups limits the conclusions that can be drawn and methodological reasons for this are discussed.
KETAMINE STUDY AT UCL hi
i'm a researcher at university college london, and we are currently undertaking a study looking at recreational ketamine use, and its effects on the mind and body. i have been given permission by the administrator of this forum to post messages to see if any one would like to take part in the study.we are recruiting participants at the moment, who take K at least twice a month.
the study involves an interview and some cognitive tests and takes about 2 hours. testing takes place at ucl (near goodge st tube), and i can meet with you pretty much anytime - weekdays and evenings, and weekends. you will be paid £15 for your time. the study has been approved by the UCL Research Ethics Board, and all information collected about you is held in accordance with the 1998 Data Protection act, i.e. your confidentiality will be assured. also, i think it is important to say that it is not being funded by any pharmaceutical / drug companies.
if this sounds like something you'd be interested in taking part in, let me know and i can pass on more information. you can contact me on this site or at:
ucjtsud@ucl.ac.uk
thanks for taking the time to read this - look forward to hearing from you
suzanna
Forums›Drugs›Drugs Research, Drugs Studies & Media Requests
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