The role of theNMDAneurotransmitter system in relation
to psychosis is not completely understood, however, pharmacological,
post-mortem and clinical studies have implicated
the NMDA system has been implicated in the pathophysiology
of schizophrenia (Olney & Farber, 1995).
A growing body of pre-clinical research implicates the
NMDA class of glutamate receptors in the pathophysiology
of major depression and the mechanism, of action of antidepressant
treatments (Skolnick, Layer, & Popnik, 1996). A
small study of those with diagnosed major depression reported
robust decreases in depressive symptoms, emerging
progressively over 3 days, following low-dose ketamine infusion
(Berman, Cappiello, & Anand, 2000).
A recent study of healthy, human
volunteers reported that ketamine was subjectively reinforcing
in humans and this was correlated with response inhibition
in a battery of memory tests (Morgan, Mofeez, et al.,
2004).
This evidence of the dependence producing potential of
ketamine was supported in a recent Australian study of 100
recreational ketamine users that found around one in five
(22%) of participants reported physical tolerance to ketamine
(Dillon, Copeland, & Jansen, 2003). This is consistent with
reports of tolerance to ketamine following multiple anaesthetics
(Byer & Gould, 1981; Cumming, 1976).
A paper by Lim (2003) reported on two case
and i found this
Conclusions: Ketamine inhibited monoamine transporters expressed in human embryonic kidney cells in a dose-dependent manner. This result suggests that the ketamine-induced inhibition of monoamine transporters might contribute to its psychotomimetic and sympathomimetic effects through potentiating monoaminergic neurotransmission.
In an Anesthesiology Journal which may explain why Ketamin effects the Kidneys, could it be that the Kidneys showing a preference for ketamine above other substances focus on it in much the same way the Liver is attracted to Alcohol?
I guess time will tell, I do know that during my heavest ketamine use i had four urinary infections unconnected so sexual health and two of these went to my Kidneys and were the most painfull experience of my life (worse than pluracy and dysentry by far) though i was never sure if the vodka was simply magnifying my dehydration?
Time will tell eh…
